일본어 문법 JLPT

1 개요[ | ]

https://blognihongo.com/
JLPT sensei https://jlptsensei.com/complete-jlpt-grammar-list/

2 N1[ | ]

N1 / あくまでも / akumade mo / to the end; persistently; absolutely; is still very ~
N1 / あっての / atte no / which can exist solely due to the presence of; which owes everything to
N1 / あらかじめ / arakajime / beforehand; in advance; previously
N1 / いかなる / ikanaru / any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
N1 / いかに / ikani / how; in what way; how much; to what extent
N1 / いかにも / ikani mo / indeed; really; truly; just (like); very; extremely ~
N1 / いかんだ / いかんでは / いかんによっては / ikan da / ikan dewa / ikan ni yotte wa / in accordance with; depending on; whether or not ~
N1 / いかんにかかわらず / いかんによらず / いかんをとわず / ikan ni kakawarazu / ikan ni yorazu / ikan o towazu / regardless of; whether or not; doesn't matter whether ~
N1 / いずれにしても / いずれにしろ / いずれにせよ / izure ni shitemo / izure ni shiro / izure ni seyo / anyhow; anyway; either way; in any case ~
N1 / うちに入らない（うちにはいらない） / uchi ni hairanai / not really; can't be regarded as ~
N1 / およそ / oyoso / about; roughly; generally; approximately; completely ~
N1 / が/も～なら、～も～だ / ga/mo~nara, ~mo~da / negative connection/comparison (like father like son)
N1 / かたがた / katagata / while; at the same time; incidentally; for the purpose of ~
N1 / かたわら / katawara / while; besides; at the same time; in addition
N1 / かつて / katsute / once; before; formerly; ever; former; ex-
N1 / がてら / gatera / while; on the same occasion; at the same time; coincidentally ~
N1 / かと思いきや（かとおもいきや） / ka to omoikiya / contrary to expectations; or so we thought, but ~
N1 / がましい / gamashii / look like; sound like; approximate; similar to; somewhat like ~
N1 / からある / からする / からの / kara aru / kara suru / kara no / at least; as much as; as many as ~
N1 / かれ～かれ / kare~kare / sooner or later; more or less
N1 / か否か（かいなか） / ka ina ka / whether or not ~
N1 / が早いか（がはやいか） / ga hayai ka / no sooner than; as soon as ~
N1 / きっての / kitte no / the most / greatest … of all
N1 / くらいなら / kurai nara / rather than (do ...)
N1 / くらいのものだ / kurai no mono da / only (emphasis)
N1 / ぐるみ / gurumi / together (with); -wide
N1 / こそ「～が・けれど」 / koso~ga/keredo / but; although (emphasis)
N1 / こそあれ / koso are / although; even though ~
N1 / こそすれ / koso sure / and; although; but ~
N1 / ごとき / ごとく / ごとし / gotoki / gotoku / gotoshi / like; as if; the same as ~
N1 / ことごとく / koto gotoku / altogether; entirely; completely ~
N1 / ことこの上ない / この上ない / この上なく（ことこのうえない / このうえない / このうえなく） / koto kono ue nai / kono ue nai / kono ue naku / the most of all; the best; nothing is more ... than ~
N1 / こととて / koto tote / because; since ~
N1 / ことなしに / koto nashi ni / without doing something
N1 / ことのないように / koto no nai you ni / so as not to; to not ~
N1 / こともあって / koto mo atte / partly because; also because of; plus the reason for ~
N1 / さ / sa / ending particle; indicates assertion
N1 / さぞ / sazo / surely; certainly; no doubt; indeed ~
N1 / さも / samo / really (seem, appear, etc.); truly; as if ~
N1 / さもないと / samonaito / otherwise; or else; if not ~
N1 / じみた / jimita / to become; to appear like; to look like; tainted with ~
N1 / ずくめ / zukume / completely; entirely; nothing but ~
N1 / ずじまい / zu jimai / ended up not doing ~
N1 / ずとも / zu tomo / even without doing; even without being ~
N1 / ずにはおかない / ないではおかない / zu niwa okanai / nai dewa okanai / will definitely/certainly do something; cannot not ~
N1 / ずには済まない / ないでは済まない（ずにはすまない / ないではすまない） / zu niwa sumanai / nai dewa sumanai / must; will definitely; can’t help but to ~
N1 / すら / ですら / sura / de sura / even ~ (with emphasis)
N1 / ぞ・ぜ / zo / ze / ending particle; adds force or indicates command
N1 / そばから / soba kara / as soon as; right after ~
N1 / そびれる / sobireru / to miss a chance; to fail to do ~
N1 / たことにする / たことになる / ta koto ni suru / ta koto ni naru / pretend to; see things as untrue; contrary to the truth ~
N1 / ただ～のみだ / tada~nomi da / all we can do is; can do nothing but; only ~
N1 / たつもりはない / ta tsumori wa nai / have no intention to / didn't mean to ~
N1 / たところで / ta tokoro de / even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how)
N1 / だに / だにしない / dani / dani shinai / even; not even ~
N1 / だの～だの / dano~dano / and; and the like; and so forth ~
N1 / ためしがない / tameshi ga nai / is never the case; has never happened; I have never seen or heard of ~
N1 / たら～たで / tara~tade / if / in the case... of course / should ~
N1 / たら～ところだ / tara~tokoro da / if... (counterfactual condition), then would be ~
N1 / たら最後 / たが最後（たらさいご / たがさいご） / tara saigo / taga saigo / if you do... negative result
N1 / たりとも / tari tomo / not even; not any ~
N1 / たるもの / たる / taru mono / taru / (those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of ... should ~
N1 / だろうに / darou ni / (1) surely..., but ~; although... is likely, ~ (2) should have (regret); might / must have been ~
N1 / た弾みに / た拍子に（たはずみに / たひょうしに） / ta hazumi ni / ta hyoushi ni / the moment [A], unintentionally / inadvertently caused something to happen
N1 / つ～つ / tsu~tsu / and ~ (indicates two contrasting actions)
N1 / ってば / ったら / tteba / ttara / speaking of; I told you already; come on (annoyance / dissatisfaction)
N1 / であれ / であろうと / de are / de arou to / whoever; whatever; however; even ~
N1 / であれ～であれ / de are~de are / whether [A] or [B]
N1 / てからというもの / te kara to iu mono / ever since ~
N1 / てしかるべきだ / te shikaru beki da / should; appropriate; it is natural to do ~
N1 / でなくてなんだろう / denakute nan darou / must be; is definitely ~
N1 / ではあるまいか / dewa arumai ka / isn't it; I wonder if it’s not ~
N1 / ではあるまいし / dewa arumai shi / it’s not like; it isn’t as if ~
N1 / では済まない（ではすまない） / dewa sumanai / it doesn’t end with just ~; it will take more than ~
N1 / てみせる / te miseru / I’ll do my best; I'll definitely do; I'll show you ~
N1 / でもあり～でもある / demo ari~demo aru / to also be; both… and ~
N1 / てもどうにもならない / temo dou ni mo naranai / it's no use; can't do anything
N1 / ても知らない（てもしらない） / temo shiranai / if (you) continue... you'll end up / I don't care about it
N1 / ても差し支えない（てもさしつかえない） / temo sashitsukaenai / can ~; it’s okay if ~ (indicates permission or compromise)
N1 / でも何でもない / くも何ともない（でもなんでもない / くもなんともない） / demo nan demo nai / kumo nan tomo nai / not in the least; nothing like that
N1 / てやまない / te yamanai / always; never stop; can’t help but ~
N1 / て敵わない（てかなわない） / te kanawanai / can't bear to; unable to; troublesome to; can’t stand to ~
N1 / て済むことではない（てすむことではない） / te sumu koto dewa nai / ~ is not enough to solve the problem; cannot be resolved by ~
N1 / とあって / to atte / due to the fact that; because of ~
N1 / とあれば / to areba / if it is the case that; if ~
N1 / といい～といい / to ii~to ii / both ... and; not only ... also; whether it be ... or ~
N1 / という / to iu / all; every single ~ (no exceptions)
N1 / というか～というか / to iu ka~to iu ka / or rather; or perhaps I should say; I mean ~
N1 / というところだ / といったところだ / to iu tokoro da / to itta tokoro da / at the most; no more than; at best; roughly; about ~
N1 / というもの / to iu mono / during; for; since; over a period of time
N1 / というわけだ / to iu wake da / that's why; no wonder; this means; it is the case that ~
N1 / というわけではない / to iu wake dewa nai / it’s not that; it doesn’t mean that ~
N1 / といえども / to ie domo / even if; even though; despite ~
N1 / といったらない / to ittara nai / extremely; very; nothing more ... than this; as ... as it could possibly be
N1 / といわず～といわず / to iwazu~to iwazu / both; not only A or B, but (overall) ~
N1 / どうにも～ない / dou nimo~nai / not … by any means; no matter how hard one tries, cannot ~
N1 / ときたら / tokitara / when it comes to; concerning ~
N1 / ときている / to kiteiru / because of ~
N1 / ところを / tokoro o / although (it is a certain time/condition); even though normally
N1 / とされる / to sareru / is considered to; it is said that ~
N1 / としたことが / toshita koto ga / of all people, who would have thought?
N1 / とっさに / tossa ni / at once; right away; promptly
N1 / とて / tote / even; even if/though ~
N1 / となると / となれば / to naru to / to nareba / when it comes to; in such a case; if that happens
N1 / とは / towa / I didn't know; I was surprised that; the fact that ~
N1 / とはいえ / towa ie / though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
N1 / とばかりに / to bakari ni / as if to say; as though~
N1 / とは比べものにならない（とはくらべものにならない） / towa kurabemono ni naranai / can't compare with ~
N1 / とは打って変わって / とは打って変わり（とはうってかわって / とはうってかわり） / towa utte kawatte / to wa utte kawari / unlike; totally different; very different from ~
N1 / とみると / to miru to / as soon as one realizes ..., then ~
N1 / とも～とも / tomo~tomo / unable to draw a conclusion; unable to judge
N1 / ともあろうものが / tomo arou mono ga / of all people (expression showing surprise at a high standing person's misbehavior)
N1 / ともすれば / tomo sureba / apt to (do); tend to; liable to; prone to ~
N1 / ともなく / ともなしに / tomo naku / tomo nashi ni / somehow; without knowing; without thinking; unconsciously ~
N1 / とりわけ / toriwake / especially; above all ~
N1 / と見るや（とみるや） / to miru ya / at the sight of; upon seeing; after confirming ~
N1 / と相まって（とあいまって） / to aimatte / together with..., more; because of the influence of..., more ~
N1 / と言えなくもない（といえなくもない） / to ienaku mo nai / one can even say that; it can also be said that ~
N1 / ないとも限らない（ないともかぎらない） / nai tomo kagiranai / not necessarily; I can't say that; maybe; might ~
N1 / ないまでも / nai made mo / not to say; although it does not reach the level of ~
N1 / ないものか / ないものだろうか / nai mono ka / nai mono darou ka / isn't there; can’t we…?; can’t I…?
N1 / ないものでもない / nai mono demo nai / is not entirely impossible
N1 / ながらに / ながらの / nagara ni / nagara no / while; during; without change; performed in this condition
N1 / なくしては / nakushite wa / cannot do without ~
N1 / なしに / なしで / nashi ni / nashi de / without; without doing ~
N1 / ならいざしらず / はいざしらず / nara iza shirazu / wa iza shirazu / I don't know about ... but; it may be possible for ... but ~
N1 / ならでは / nara dewa / distinctive of; uniquely applying to; special to ~
N1 / なり / nari / as soon as; right after ~
N1 / なり～なり / nari~nari / [A] or [B] or something; for instance ~
N1 / なりとも / nari tomo / at least; even just a little (adverbial particle)
N1 / なりに / なりの / nari ni / nari no / suitable; in one's own way/style
N1 / なんという / なんと / なんて / nan to iu / nanto / nante / how (beautiful, etc.); what a ~
N1 / に / ni / and; in addition to; the combination of ~
N1 / に～を重ねて（に～をかさねて） / ni~o kasanete / success after continuous (effort, work, adjustments, etc.)
N1 / にあって / ni atte / at; on; during; in the condition of ~
N1 / にかかっている / ni kakatteiru / depending on; to depend on; whether or not
N1 / にかかっては / にかかったら / にかかると / かかれば / ni kakatte wa / ni kakattara / ni kakaru to / kakareba / when handled by (N), becomes a completely different result
N1 / にかこつけて / ni kako tsukete / to use as a pretext; to use as an excuse
N1 / にかまけて / ni kamakete / to be too busy; to focus / concentrate only on ~
N1 / にしたところで / としたところで / ni shita tokoro de / to shita tokoro de / even if; even supposing that ~
N1 / にして / ni shite / at / on / under certain conditions (time, position, age, number of times)
N1 / にとどまらず / ni todomarazu / not limited to; not only… but also ~
N1 / には及ばない（にはおよばない） / niwa oyobanai / there is no need to; unnecessary; no match for ~
N1 / には当たらない（にはあたらない） / niwa ataranai / it’s not worth; there’s no need to; does not correspond to ~
N1 / には無理がある（にはむりがある） / ni wa muri ga aru / difficult to do; is unreasonable / unrealistic / impossible
N1 / にまつわる / ni matsuwaru / to be related to; to concern; associated with ~
N1 / にもほどがある / nimo hodo ga aru / there is a limit to what is acceptable; to go too far
N1 / にも増して（にもまして） / nimo mashite / more than…; above ~
N1 / によらず / ni yorazu / regardless of ~
N1 / に難くない（にかたくない） / ni katakunai / easy to do; it’s not hard to (imagine, understand, guess)
N1 / に耐える / に耐えない（にたえる / にたえない） / ni taeru / ni taenai / worth doing; can do; cannot bear doing ~
N1 / に先駆けて（にさきがけて） / ni sakigakete / prior to; to be the first (pioneer); being ahead of ~
N1 / に言わせれば（にいわせれば） / ni iwasereba / if you ask; if one may say ~
N1 / に引き換え（にひきかえ） / ni hikikae / compared to; in contrast to; unlike; while; whereas ~
N1 / に忍びない（にしのびない） / ni shinobinai / cannot bring oneself (to do); unable to bear ~
N1 / に照らして（にてらして） / ni terashite / according to; in view of; in light of ~
N1 / に足らない / に足りない（にたらない / にたりない） / ni taranai / ni tarinai / cannot; not worthy; not worth doing ~
N1 / に足る / に足りる（にたる / にたりる） / ni taru / ni tariru / can do; worthy; worth doing
N1 / に即して（にそくして） / ni sokushite / according to; in keeping with; to be based on ~
N1 / に至っては（にいたっては） / ni ittate wa / when it comes to; as for ~
N1 / に至っても（にいたっても） / ni itattemo / even if; even though; although something reached the point ~
N1 / に至る / に至った（にいたる / にいたった） / ni itaru / ni itatta / leads to; come to a conclusion
N1 / に至るまで（にいたるまで） / ni itaru made / as far as; up until; everything from ... to ~
N1 / に値する（にあたいする） / ni atai suru / to be worth; to be worthy of; to deserve; to merit ~
N1 / に則って（にのっとって） / ni nottotte / based on; according to; in accordance with ~
N1 / に限ったことではない（にかぎったことではない） / ni kagitta koto dewa nai / not limited to only ~
N1 / のなんのって / no nan notte / extremely ~ (cannot be expressed in words)
N1 / のやら / ものやら / ことやら / no yara / mono yara / koto yara / I wonder...; unsure; I don’t know ~
N1 / のやら～のやら / no yara~no yara / or ~ (I don't know)
N1 / の極み（のきわみ） / no kiwami / utmost; extremely ~
N1 / の至り（のいたり） / no itari / utmost; extremely ~
N1 / はおろか / wa oroka / let alone; not to mention; needless to say ~
N1 / ばこそ / ba koso / only because ~
N1 / はさておき / wa sateoki / setting aside ~
N1 / はそっちのけで / をそっちのけで / wa socchinoke de / o socchinoke de / ignoring (one thing) for (another); instead of ~
N1 / ばそれまでだ / たらそれまでだ / ba sore made da / tara sore made da / if… then it’s over
N1 / はどうであれ / wa dou de are / however; whatever ~
N1 / びる / びて / びた / biru / bite / bita / to seem to be; to appear; to behave as ~
N1 / ぶり / っぷり / buri / ppuri / style; manner; way
N1 / ぶる / ぶって / ぶった / buru / butte / butta / assuming the air of; behaving like; to pretend / act like ~
N1 / べからず / べからざる / bekarazu / bekarazaru / must not; should not; do not ~
N1 / べく / beku / in order to; for the purpose of ~
N1 / べくして / beku shite / as it is bound to (happen); following the natural course
N1 / べくもない / beku mo nai / cannot possibly be ~
N1 / ほうがましだ / hou ga mashi da / better than; would rather ~
N1 / ほどのことではない / hodo no koto dewa nai / it's not worth; no need to ~
N1 / まくる / makuru / to do over and over again; to do relentlessly
N1 / まじき / majiki / should not; must not ~
N1 / までだ / までのことだ / made da / made no koto da / only; just; nothing else
N1 / までもない / までもなく / made mo nai / made mo naku / there's no need to; it’s not necessary to ~
N1 / まみれ / mamire / covered with; stained; smeared with ~
N1 / まるっきり / marukkiri / completely; absolutely; totally; (not) at all ~
N1 / めく / meku / seems; show signs of; to have the appearance of ~
N1 / もさることながら / mo saru koto nagara / one may well say so, but~; not only... but also ~
N1 / もしくは / moshikuwa / or; otherwise
N1 / もしないで / mo shinai de / without even doing ~
N1 / もので / mono de / because; for that reason
N1 / ものとして / mono toshite / to assume; to suppose; on the presumption that ~
N1 / ものとする / mono to suru / shall; to assume; understood as ~
N1 / ものと思われる / ものと見られる（ものとおもわれる / ものとみられる） / mono to omowareru / mono to mirareru / to think; to suppose; it is believed/expected that ~
N1 / ものを / mono o / if only; I wish; I'm sorry it's not actually (regret)
N1 / もはや / mohaya / already; now; no longer; not anymore
N1 / も同然だ（もどうぜんだ） / mo douzen da / just like; same as ~
N1 / やしない / ya shinai / should do, but don't; absolutely not; there's no way ~
N1 / やれ～やれ / yare~yare / pattern to give two representative examples (usually negative)
N1 / や否や（やいなや） / ya ina ya / as soon as; the moment ~
N1 / ゆえに / yue ni / therefore; consequently; because of; due to ~
N1 / ようが / ようと / you ga / you to / even if; no matter how/what ~
N1 / ようが～ようが / ようと～ようと / you ga~you ga / you to~you to / no matter; whether; even if [A] or [B]
N1 / ようと～まいと / ようが～まいが / you to~mai to / you ga~mai ga / whether or not; regardless
N1 / ようにも～ない / you nimo~nai / even if I wanted to… I couldn’t ~
N1 / ようによっては / ようでは / you ni yotte wa / you dewa / depending on the way; depending on how; according to how ~
N1 / わ / wa / feminine sentence ending particle
N1 / わ〜わで / wa~wade / and (listing negative things happening at the same time)
N1 / をいいことに / o ii koto ni / to take advantage of ~
N1 / をおいて～ない / o oite~nai / only; can only be; there is no alternative, only ~
N1 / をもって / をもちまして / o motte / o mochimashite / by means of; with; on / at / as of (time)
N1 / をものともせずに / o mono tomo sezuni / in defiance of; not losing to / afraid / worrying about ~
N1 / をよそに / o yoso ni / despite; without regards to ~
N1 / を兼ねて（をかねて） / o kanete / also for the purpose of ~
N1 / を経て（をへて） / o hete / through; by way of; after; via ~
N1 / を境に（をさかいに） / o sakai ni / since ~ (indicates a large change before & after)
N1 / を顧みず / も顧みず（をかえりみず / もかえりみず） / o kaerimizu / mo kaerimizu / despite; without considering; not worrying about; regardless of ~
N1 / を控えて（をひかえて） / o hikaete / to be soon; the time has come to; nearby; ahead of ~
N1 / を禁じ得ない（をきんじえない） / o kinji enai / can’t help but; can’t refrain from ~
N1 / を機に（をきに） / o ki ni / as an opportunity/chance to ~
N1 / を踏まえて（をふまえて） / o fumaete / to be based on; to take into account ~
N1 / を押して / を押し切って（をおして / をおしきって） / o oshite / o oshikitte / to overcome (opposition); to push past ~
N1 / を余儀なくされる（をよぎなくされる） / o yogi naku sareru / to be forced to do something because one has no other choice
N1 / を前提として（をぜんていとして） / o zentei toshite / with the intention to; on the condition / assumption ~
N1 / を皮切りに（をかわきりに） / o kawakiri ni / one after another; starting with ~
N1 / を限りに（をかぎりに） / o kagiri ni / starting from; the last time (ending a continued action)
N1 / んがために / n ga tame ni / in order to ~
N1 / んばかりに / n bakari ni / as if; as though ~
N1 / 可能性がある（かのうせいがある） / kanousei ga aru / may/might; there’s a possibility that ~
N1 / 敢えて（あえて） / aete / dare to; daringly; deliberately; purposely ~
N1 / 甲斐もなく（かいもなく） / kai mo naku / despite; even though ~
N1 / 極まる / 極まりない（きわまる / きわまりない） / kiwamaru / kiwamarinai / extremely; very ~
N1 / 放題（ほうだい） / houdai / doing as one pleases; to one's heart's content; leaving uncontrolled
N1 / 並み（なみ） / nami / average; ordinary; same level as; equal to; on par with ~
N1 / 思いをする（おもいをする） / omoi o suru / to think; to feel ~
N1 / 損なう / 損ねる / 損じる（そこなう / そこねる / そんじる） / sokonau / sokoneru / sonjiru / to do something wrong; by mistake; to miss a chance; to fail to ~
N1 / 手前（てまえ） / temae / considering; before; in front of; one’s standpoint
N1 / 術がない（すべがない） / sube ga nai / there is no way / means; cannot do ~
N1 / 始末だ（しまつだ） / shimatsu da / end up; in the end; as a result (negative)
N1 / 案の定（あんのじょう） / an no jou / just as one thought; as usual; sure enough
N1 / 羽目になる（はめになる） / hame ni naru / to get stuck with; to end up with (something unpleasant)
N1 / 折に（おりに） / ori ni / when; at the time; on the occasion ~
N1 / 切りがない（きりがない） / kiri ga nai / endless; boundless; going on forever; there’s no end to ~
N1 / 尽くす（つくす） / tsukusu / to use up (completely without anything remaining); to exhaust; to run out of ~
N1 / 何しろ（なにしろ） / nani shiro / at any rate; after all; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because; as you know ~
N1 / 限りだ（かぎりだ） / kagiri da / to feel strongly
N1 / 嫌いがある（きらいがある） / kirai ga aru / bad habit; to have a tendency to ~

3 N2[ | ]

N2 / あげく / ageku / to end up; in the end; finally; after all ~
N2 / あるいは / aruiwa / or; either; maybe; perhaps; possibly ~
N2 / いきなり / ikinari / abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
N2 / いよいよ / iyoiyo / at last; finally; beyond doubt
N2 / いわゆる / iwayuru / what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
N2 / お～願う（お～ねがう） / o~negau / please do; could you please…; I ask of you to ~
N2 / おまけに / omake ni / to make matters worse; besides; what's more; in addition; on top of that
N2 / か～ないかのうちに / ka~nai ka no uchi ni / just as; right after; as soon as ~
N2 / かえって / kaette / on the contrary; rather; all the more; surprisingly ~
N2 / がきっかけで / をきっかけに / ga kikkake de / o kikkake ni / with… as a start; as a result of; taking advantage of ~
N2 / かと思ったら（かとおもったら） / ka to omottara / just when; no sooner than ~
N2 / かねない / kanenai / (someone) might do something; something might happen
N2 / かねる / kaneru / unable to do something; can’t do something
N2 / かのように / ka no you ni / as if; just like ~
N2 / からこそ / kara koso / precisely because ~
N2 / からして / kara shite / judging from; based on; since; from; even ~
N2 / からすると / からすれば / kara suru to / kara sureba / judging from; considering; by the look of ~
N2 / からと言って（からといって） / kara to itte / just because; even if; even though ~
N2 / からには / kara niwa / now that; since; so long as; because ~
N2 / から見ると（からみると） / kara miru to / from the point of view of; by the look of; judging from ~
N2 / から言うと（からいうと） / kara iu to / in terms of; from the point of view of ~
N2 / くせして / kuse shite / although; despite the fact that; even though ~
N2 / げ / ge / looks like; seems like; appears to ~
N2 / ことか / koto ka / how…!; what…!
N2 / ことだ / koto da / should do~ (used for suggestions or giving advice)
N2 / ことだから / koto dakara / because; since ~
N2 / ことなく / koto naku / without doing something even once
N2 / ことに / koto ni / emphasize speaker's feelings; to my (surprise/etc)
N2 / ことにはならない / koto niwa naranai / just because… doesn’t mean ~
N2 / ざるを得ない（ざるをえない） / zaru o enai / cannot help (doing); have no choice but to ~
N2 / しかも / shikamo / moreover; furthermore; and yet; what’s more ~
N2 / ずに済む（ずにすむ） / zu ni sumu / get by without doing ~
N2 / せいか / sei ka / perhaps because ~
N2 / せっかく / sekkaku / especially; (thank you for) troubling to, going to great pains for ~
N2 / せめて / semete / at least; at most ~
N2 / そうすると / sou suru to / having done that; if that is done; if it is done in that way
N2 / そう言えば（そういえば） / sou ieba / come to think of it; now that you mention it ~
N2 / その上（そのうえ） / sono ue / besides; in addition; furthermore ~
N2 / それなのに / sore na noni / and yet; despite this; but even so ~
N2 / それなら / sore nara / if that’s the case; if so ~
N2 / それにしても / sore ni shitemo / nevertheless; at any rate; even so; be that as it may ~
N2 / だけあって / dake atte / being the case; precisely because; as expected from ~
N2 / だけに / dake ni / being the case; precisely because; as one would expect
N2 / だけのことはある / dake no koto wa aru / no wonder; as expected of; not ... for nothing; not ... with nothing to show for it
N2 / だけは / dake wa / to do all that one can
N2 / だけましだ / dake mashi da / it’s better than; one should feel grateful for ~
N2 / だって / datte / because; but; after all; even; too
N2 / たまえ / tamae / do~; order somebody to do something
N2 / ちっとも～ない / chitto mo~nai / (not) at all; (not) in the least ~
N2 / ちなみに / chinamini / by the way; in this connection; incidentally; (conjunction)
N2 / っこない / kkonai / no chance of; … is definitely not possible
N2 / つつ / tsutsu / while; even though; despite ~
N2 / つつある / tsutsu aru / to be doing; to be in the process of doing ~
N2 / ていては / te ite wa / if one keeps doing ~
N2 / てこそ / te koso / now that; since (something happened)
N2 / でしかない / de shika nai / merely; nothing but; no more than; there is only ~
N2 / てたまらない / te tamaranai / can't help but; dying to; extremely ~
N2 / てでも / te demo / even if I have to; by all means ~
N2 / てならない / te naranai / can't help but; dying to; extremely ~
N2 / ては / では / tewa / dewa / whenever; if; when~; repetitive action
N2 / ては～ては / tewa~tewa / repetitive situations/actions
N2 / てはいられない / tewa irarenai / can’t afford to; unable to ~
N2 / てばかりはいられない / te bakari wa irarenai / can’t keep doing ~
N2 / てはならない / tewa naranai / must not; cannot; should not ~
N2 / てまで / te made / even; will go far so as to ~
N2 / て当然だ（てとうぜんだ） / te touzen da / natural; as a matter of course
N2 / て以来（ていらい） / te irai / since; henceforth ~
N2 / ということは / to iu koto wa / that is to say; so that means; in other words ~
N2 / というふうに / to iu fuu ni / in such a way that ~
N2 / というものだ / to iu mono da / something like; something called ~
N2 / というものではない / to iu mono dewa nai / there is no guarantee that…; not necessarily ~
N2 / といった / to itta / like; such as ~
N2 / どうせ / douse / anyhow; in any case; at any rate; after all; no matter what
N2 / どうやら / dou yara / possibly; apparently; seems like; somehow; barely ~
N2 / とか（で） / toka (de) / I heard that ~
N2 / どころか / dokoro ka / far from; anything but; let alone; not to mention; much less ~
N2 / ところだった / tokoro datta / was just about to do something; something almost happened
N2 / どころではない / dokoro dewa nai / not the time for; not the place for; far from; anything but ~
N2 / ところに / tokoro ni / at the time; just as I was ~
N2 / ところを見ると（ところをみると） / tokoro o miru to / judging from; seeing that ~
N2 / として～ない / toshite~nai / not at all; there is not even one
N2 / としても / toshitemo / assuming; even if ~
N2 / とっくに / tokku ni / long ago; already; a long time ago
N2 / とも / tomo / even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); though ~
N2 / と考えられる（とかんがえられる） / to kangaerareru / one can think that; it is conceivable that; considered ~
N2 / と同時に（とどうじに） / to douji ni / at the same time as; while; simultaneously ~
N2 / ないことには～ない / nai koto niwa~nai / unless you ~
N2 / ないではいられない / nai dewa irarenai / can’t help but feel; can’t help but do ~
N2 / なお / nao / still; yet; furthermore; in addition ~
N2 / なくて済む（なくてすむ） / nakute sumu / get by without doing ~
N2 / なくはない / なくもない / naku wa nai / naku mo nai / it’s not that; I may (double negative)
N2 / にあたって / ni atatte / at the time; on the occasion of ~
N2 / にしたら / にすれば / ni shitara / ni sureba / from one’s perspective; from the point of view of ~
N2 / にしても～にしても / ni shitemo~ni shitemo / regardless of whether ~
N2 / にしろ～にしろ / ni shiro~ni shiro / whether… or ~
N2 / にせよ/ にしろ / ni seyo/ ni shiro / even if; regardless; whether... or ~
N2 / につき / ni tsuki / due to; because of; per; each
N2 / につけ / ni tsuke / every time; whenever; as; whether; in (either case)
N2 / にて / nite / in, at, with, by (formal particle)
N2 / にほかならない / ni hoka naranai / nothing but; none other than ~
N2 / にも関わらず（にもかかわらず） / nimo kakawarazu / despite; in spite of; nevertheless; although ~
N2 / にわたって / ni watatte / throughout; over a period of ~
N2 / に加えて（にくわえて） / ni kuwaete / in addition ~
N2 / に決まっている（にきまっている） / ni kimatte iru / certainly; I’m sure/certain that; it must be the case that ~
N2 / に過ぎない（にすぎない） / ni suginai / no more than; just; merely; only ~
N2 / に関わらず（にかかわらず） / ni kakawarazu / in spite of; regardless of ~
N2 / に関わる（にかかわる） / ni kakawaru / to relate to; to have to do with; relating to ~
N2 / に基づいて（にもとづいて） / ni motozuite / based on; on the basis of ~
N2 / に伴って（にともなって） / ni tomonatte / as; due to; with; along with; following; accordingly ~
N2 / に相違ない（にそういない） / ni soui nai / without a doubt; certain; sure
N2 / に先立ち（にさきだち） / ni sakidachi / before; prior to ~
N2 / に沿って（にそって） / ni sotte / along with; in accordance with ~
N2 / に越したことはない（にこしたことはない） / ni koshita koto wa nai / it’s best that, there’s nothing better than ~
N2 / に応えて（にこたえて） / ni kotaete / in response to ~
N2 / に応じて（におうじて） / ni oujite / depending on; in accordance with ~
N2 / に際して（にさいして） / ni saishite / on the occasion of; at the time of ~
N2 / に限って（にかぎって） / ni kagitte / only; in particular ~
N2 / に限らず（にかぎらず） / ni kagirazu / not just; not only... but also ~
N2 / に限る（にかぎる） / ni kagiru / is best; nothing is better than ~
N2 / に向かって（にむかって） / ni mukatte / to face; to go towards; to head to ~
N2 / ぬ / nu / negative verb conjugation; traditional version of ない
N2 / ねばならない / neba naranai / have to do; must; should ~
N2 / のみ / nomi / only; nothing but
N2 / のみならず / nominarazu / not only; besides; as well as ~
N2 / のももっともだ / no mo motto mo da / no wonder; …is only natural
N2 / の上では（のうえでは） / no ue de wa / according to; from the viewpoint of ~
N2 / の下で（のもとで） / no moto de / under; with ~
N2 / ばかり / bakari / about, approximately ~
N2 / ばかりか / bakari ka / not only... but also; as well as ~
N2 / ばかりだ / bakari da / continue to (go in negative direction)
N2 / ばかりに / bakari ni / simply because; on account of~ (negative result)
N2 / はともかく / wa tomokaku / anyhow; anyway; regardless; in any case; whether or not ~
N2 / はもとより / wa moto yori / also; let alone; from the beginning
N2 / ふうに / fuu ni / this way; that way; in such a way; how
N2 / まい / mai / will not; will probably not; intend not to; must not ~
N2 / まだしも / madashimo / rather; better ~
N2 / ままに / mama ni / as, to do as ~
N2 / もう少しで（もうすこしで） / mou sukoshi de / almost; nearly, close to ~
N2 / もかまわず / mo kamawazu / without caring; without worrying about ~
N2 / もっとも / motto mo / but then; although; though ~
N2 / もの / もん / mono / mon / because; indicates reason/ excuse/ dissatisfaction
N2 / ものか / もんか / mono ka / mon ka / as if (something untrue were actually true); there's no way ~
N2 / ものがある / mono ga aru / there is such a thing; to be the case that; feels like ~
N2 / ものだ / mono da / describe feeling; express memories; state fact
N2 / ものだから / mono dakara / so; therefore; the reason for something
N2 / ものではない / mono dewa nai / shouldn’t do something; it’s impossible to ~
N2 / ものなら / mono nara / if I/we could; if [A] is possible, then [B]; if one can do something, then ~
N2 / ものの / monono / but; although; even though ~
N2 / も当然だ（もとうぜんだ） / mo touzen da / it’s only natural; no wonder; might as well ~
N2 / やがて / yagate / before long; soon; almost; eventually ~
N2 / やら～やら / yara~yara / such things as A and B; A and B and so on ~
N2 / ようか～まいか / you ka~mai ka / whether or not; considering options
N2 / ようでは / you dewa / if ~ (bad result)
N2 / ようではないか / you dewa nai ka / let’s do (something); why don’t we ~
N2 / よほど / よっぽど / yohodo / yoppodo / very; greatly; much; to a large extent
N2 / より [2] / yori / from~ (a time, place, or person)
N2 / よりほかない / yori hoka nai / to have no choice but ~
N2 / ろくに～ない / roku ni~nai / not well; not enough; improperly; insufficiently; unsatisfactorily ~
N2 / わずかに / wazuka ni / slightly; only; barely; narrowly ~
N2 / をめぐって / o megutte / concerning; in regard to ~
N2 / をもとに / o moto ni / based on; derived from; building on; beginning with ~
N2 / を契機に（をけいきに） / o keiki ni / as a good opportunity/chance to; as a result of; make the best of ~
N2 / を問わず（をとわず） / o towazu / regardless of; irrespective of; no matter
N2 / を除いて（をのぞいて） / o nozoite / except; with the exception of; excluding ~
N2 / 甲斐がある（かいがある） / kai ga aru / it’s worth one’s efforts to do something
N2 / 恐らく（おそらく） / osoraku / perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say ~
N2 / 恐れがある（おそれがある） / osore ga aru / it is feared that; to be in danger of; to be liable to ~
N2 / 果たして（はたして） / hatashite / as was expected; sure enough; really; actually ~
N2 / 及び（および） / oyobi / and; as well as ~
N2 / 得ない（えない） / enai / unable to; cannot; it is not possible to ~
N2 / 得る（える / うる） / eru / uru / can; to be able to; is possible to~
N2 / 末に（すえに） / sue ni / finally; after; following; at the end/ conclusion of ~
N2 / 反面（はんめん） / hanmen / while, although; on the other hand~
N2 / 抜きにして / 抜きで（ぬきにして/ ぬきで） / nuki ni shite / nuki de / without; leaving out; cutting out ~
N2 / 抜く（ぬく） / nuku / to do something from beginning to end; completely, extremely ~
N2 / 上（じょう） / jou / for the sake of; from the standpoint of; as a matter of; in terms of ~
N2 / 上は（うえは） / ue wa / now that; since; as long as ~
N2 / 少しも～ない（すこしも～ない） / sukoshi mo~nai / not one bit; not even a little ~
N2 / 少なくとも（すくなくとも） / sukunaku tomo / at least ~
N2 / 逆に（ぎゃくに） / gyaku ni / conversely; on the contrary ~
N2 / 要するに（ようするに） / you suru ni / in short; in a word; to sum up; to put it simply ~
N2 / 以上に（いじょうに） / ijou ni / more than; not less than; beyond ~
N2 / 以上は（いじょうは） / ijou wa / because; since; seeing that ~
N2 / 以外（いがい） / igai / with the exception of; excepting ~
N2 / 一気に（いっきに） / ikki ni / in one go; without stopping; all at once; immediately; instantly; right away ~
N2 / 一方で（いっぽうで） / ippou de / on one hand, on the other hand; although ~
N2 / 一応（いちおう） / ichiou / more or less; pretty much; roughly; tentatively ~
N2 / 再び（ふたたび） / futatabi / again; once more
N2 / 全く～ない（まったく～ない） / mattaku~nai / not at all ~
N2 / 中を / 中では（なかを / なかでは） / naka o / naka dewa / in; on; in the midst of; when; while ~
N2 / 直ちに（ただちに） / tadachi ni / at once; immediately; directly; in person; automatically ~
N2 / 次第（しだい） / shidai / as soon as, dependent upon
N2 / 次第で（しだいで） / shidai de / depending on; so ~
N2 / 次第に（しだいに） / shidai ni / gradually (progress into a state); in sequence; in order
N2 / 何も～ない（なにも～ない） / nani mo~nai / nothing; (not) ~ at all; there’s no need to ~
N2 / 限り（かぎり） / kagiri / as long as; while… is the case; as far as; while ~
N2 / 幸いなことに（さいわいなことに） / saiwai na koto ni / fortunately; luckily; thankfully ~

4 N3[ | ]

N3 / あまり / amari / so much… that
N3 / あまりにも / amari ni mo / too much; so much… that; excessively ~
N3 / いくら～ても / ikura~temo / no matter how ~
N3 / うちに / uchi ni / while; before ~
N3 / おかげで / okage de / thanks to; owing to; because of ~
N3 / かける / kakeru / half-; not yet finished; in the middle of~
N3 / がたい / gatai / very difficult to; hard to ~
N3 / がち / gachi / tend to; tendency to; frequently; often; to do something easily
N3 / から〜にかけて / kara~ni kakete / through; from [A] to [B]
N3 / か何か（かなにか） / ka nani ka / or something ~
N3 / きり / kiri / only; just; since; after ~
N3 / くせに / kuse ni / and yet; though; in spite of; despite ~
N3 / くらい / ぐらい / kurai / gurai / approximately; about; around; to the extent ~
N3 / こそ / koso / for sure (emphasize preceding word); precisely; definitely ~
N3 / こと / koto / (must) do
N3 / ことから / koto kara / from the fact that ~
N3 / ごとに / goto ni / each; every; at intervals of ~
N3 / ことになっている / koto ni natteiru / expresses a standard, rule or expectation
N3 / ことは～が / koto wa~ga / although; but ~
N3 / ことはない / koto wa nai / there is no need to; (something) never happens; there is no possibility that ~
N3 / さえ / sae / even; so much as; not even
N3 / さえ～ば / sae~ba / if only; as long as ~
N3 / さて / sate / conjunction: well; now; then ~
N3 / さらに / sara ni / furthermore; again; more and more ~
N3 / しかない / shikanai / have no choice but ~
N3 / しばらく / shibaraku / for a moment; for a while; for the time being
N3 / じゃない / janai / maybe; most likely; confirmation of information; express surprise towards listener
N3 / ずつ / zutsu / apiece; each; at a time
N3 / すでに / sude ni / something has already been done/taken place; is already the case
N3 / すなわち / sunawachi / in other words; namely ~
N3 / ずに / zuni / without doing ~
N3 / ずにはいられない / zuni wa irarenai / can’t help but feel; can’t help but do; must do ~
N3 / せいぜい / seizei / at the most; at best; to the utmost
N3 / せいで / sei de / because of; due to; as a result of ~
N3 / そうもない /そうにない / sou mo nai /sou ni nai / very unlikely to; showing no signs of ~
N3 / そのために / sono tame ni / hence; for that reason; because of ~
N3 / それとも / soretomo / or; or else ~
N3 / だけ / dake / as much as ~
N3 / だけでなく / dake de naku / not only… but also ~
N3 / だけど / dakedo / but; however; although; regarding ~
N3 / たって / tatte / even if; even though; no matter how ~
N3 / たて / tate / just done; freshly done; newly done
N3 / たとえ～ても / tatoe~temo / even if… is the case
N3 / たとたん / ta totan / as soon as; just as ~
N3 / たびに / tabi ni / whenever; every time ~
N3 / ために / tame ni / for; in order to; for the benefit of; because of; as a result of ~
N3 / たものだ / ta mono da / used to do; would often do
N3 / だらけ / darake / full of; covered with; a lot of (something undesirable)
N3 / つい / tsui / accidentally; unintentionally; by mistake
N3 / ついでに / tsuide ni / while, incidentally, at the same time, on the way ~
N3 / ついに / tsui ni / finally; at last; in the end ~
N3 / っけ / kke / a casual suffix to confirm something you are trying to remember
N3 / っぱなし / ppanashi / leaving (something) on; leaving (something) still in use
N3 / っぽい / ppoi / seems like; somewhat; -ish; easily does; often does ~
N3 / つまり / tsumari / in other words; in summary; in short ~
N3 / つもりだった / tsumori datta / I thought I~; I believe I~; was planning to~; was intending to ~
N3 / つもりで / tsumori de / with the intention of doing ~
N3 / ている場合じゃない（ているばあいじゃない） / teiru baai janai / this is no time to be doing ~
N3 / てからでないと / te kara de nai to / must first do; cannot do without first doing ~
N3 / てごらん / te goran / (please) try to; (please) look
N3 / てしょうがない・てしかたがない / te shou ga nai/te shikata ga nai / can't help but; very; extremely ~
N3 / てはいけないから / te wa ikenai kara / in order to not~; to prevent a negative situation
N3 / てばかりいる / te bakari iru / only; nothing but ~
N3 / てはじめて / te hajimete / not until; only after [x] did I
N3 / てもしょうがない / てもしかたがない / temo shou ga nai / temo shikata ga nai / there's no point to~; it's no use to~; it cannot be helped
N3 / ても構わない（てもかまわない） / temo kamawanai / it doesn't matter if ~
N3 / ても始まらない（てもはじまらない） / temo hajimaranai / even if you... it’s no use; there is no point to ~
N3 / て済む（てすむ） / te sumu / sufficient by; no problem to; resolve by ~
N3 / といい / たらいい / to ii / tara ii / it would be nice if; should; I hope ~
N3 / ということだ / to iu koto da / I heard; it means that; in other words ~
N3 / というのは / to iu nowa / this means; the meaning of … is; because; that is to say ~
N3 / というより / to iu yori / rather than ~
N3 / といっても / to ittemo / although I say; although one might say ~
N3 / どうしても / doushitemo / no matter what; at any cost; after all ~
N3 / とおりに / toori ni / in the same way as; in the way; as ~
N3 / ところが / tokoro ga / even so; however; even though ~
N3 / ところで / tokoro de / by the way ~
N3 / として / toshite / as; in the role of ~
N3 / とすれば・としたら・とすると / to sureba / to shitara / to suru to / in the case of~; assuming~; if A then B
N3 / とても～ない / totemo~nai / cannot possibly be; hardly ~
N3 / とは限らない（とはかぎらない） / towa kagiranai / not necessarily so; is not always true
N3 / とみえる / とみえて / to mieru / to miete / it seems that ~
N3 / どんなに～ても / donna ni~temo / no matter how (much)
N3 / と共に（とともに） / to tomo ni / together with; at the same time as; as well as ~
N3 / と言うと（というと） / to iu to / speaking of; when you talk of; when you say ~
N3 / と言えば（といえば） / to ieba / speaking of; when you talk of; when you say; if it were the case that ~
N3 / ないことはない / nai koto wa nai / can do; is not impossible to ~
N3 / ないと / naito / must do; unless/if you don't ~
N3 / なかなか / nakanaka / very; quite; pretty; rather; just not ~
N3 / ながらも / nagara mo / but; although; despite ~
N3 / なぜなら / nazenara / because; the reason is; if you want to know why
N3 / なるべく / naru beku / as much as possible
N3 / なんか / なんて / など / nanka / nante / nado / give examples; show modesty; make light of ~
N3 / において / における / ni oite / ni okeru / in; at (place); regarding; as for; in relation to ~
N3 / にかけて / ni kakete / over (a period); through; concerning; regarding ~
N3 / にかわって / にかわり / ni kawatte / ni kawari / instead of; replacing; on behalf of ~
N3 / にしたがって / ni shitagatte / as; therefore; in accordance with; according to; consequently ~
N3 / にしては / ni shite wa / for; considering it’s (something or someone)
N3 / にしても / ni shite mo / even if; even though; regardless of ~
N3 / について / ni tsuite / concerning; regarding; about; on ~
N3 / につれて / ni tsurete / as; in proportion to; with; as… then ~
N3 / にとって / ni totte / to; for; concerning; as far as ... is concerned; regarding ~
N3 / には / ni wa / for the purpose of; in order to ~
N3 / によって / による / ni yotte / ni yoru / by means of; due to; owing to; because of ~
N3 / によると /によれば / ni yoru to/ni yoreba / according to ~
N3 / に関する / に関して（にかんする / にかんして） / ni kan suru / ni kan shite / about; regarding; related to ~
N3 / に慣れる（になれる） / ni nareru / to be used to something
N3 / に対して（にたいして） / ni taishite / towards; against; regarding; in contrast with ~
N3 / に反して（にはんして） / ni hanshite / against; contrary to; in contrast to ~
N3 / に比べて（にくらべて） / ni kurabete / compared to; in comparison to ~
N3 / に違いない（にちがいない） / ni chigai nai / I’m sure/ certain; no doubt that ~
N3 / のでしょうか / no deshou ka / ask a question in a polite way
N3 / は～で有名（は～でゆうめい） / wa~de yuumei / famous for ~
N3 / ば～のに / ba~noni / would have; should have; if only ~
N3 / ば～ほど / ba~hodo / the more… the more ~
N3 / ばいい / ba ii / should; can; it’d be good if ~
N3 / ばかりで / bakari de / only; just ~ (negative description)
N3 / ばかりでなく / bakari denaku / not only.. but also; as well as ~
N3 / はもちろん / wa mochiron / not to mention; not only ... but also ~
N3 / ばよかった / ba yokatta / should have; would have been better if ~
N3 / は別として（はべつとして） / wa betsu toshite / aside from; apart from; except for; whether or not ~
N3 / ふと / futo / suddenly; accidentally; unexpectedly; unintentionally ~
N3 / ぶりに / buri ni / for the first time in (period of time)
N3 / ふりをする / furi o suru / to pretend; to act as if ~
N3 / べきだ / beki da / should do; must do ~
N3 / べきではない / beki dewa nai / should not do; must not do ~
N3 / ほど / hodo / degree; extent; bounds; upper limit
N3 / ほど～ない / hodo~nai / is not as… as ~
N3 / まさか / masaka / there's no way; that's impossible; you must be joking
N3 / まるで / maru de / as if; as though; just like ~
N3 / むしろ / mushiro / rather; instead; better ~
N3 / めったに～ない / metta ni~nai / hardly; rarely; seldom
N3 / も～ば～も / mo~ba~mo / and; also; as well; either/or; neither/nor
N3 / もしかしたら / moshika shitara / perhaps; maybe; perchance; by any chance ~
N3 / もしも〜たら / moshimo~tara / if; in the case; supposing ~
N3 / ようがない / you ga nai / there is no way to; it’s impossible to ~
N3 / ようとしない / you to shinai / not try to; not make an effort to ~
N3 / ようとする / you to suru / try to; attempt to; be about to ~
N3 / ような気がする（ようなきがする） / you na ki ga suru / have a feeling that; feels like; seems like; think that ~
N3 / ように / you ni / in order to, so that ~
N3 / ように見える（ようにみえる） / you ni mieru / to look; to seem; to appear ~
N3 / よりも / yorimo / in comparison to; rather than; more than ~
N3 / わけがない / wake ga nai / there is no way that; it is impossible to ~
N3 / わけだ / wake da / for that reason; no wonder; as you’d expect; the fact is; so you mean ~
N3 / わけではない / wake dewa nai / it doesn’t mean that; it is not the case that; I don’t mean that; it is not true that ~
N3 / わけにはいかない / wake niwa ikanai / must not; cannot afford to; must, have no choice but to ~
N3 / わざと / wazato / on purpose; intentionally ~
N3 / わざわざ / wazawaza / to go to the trouble of; to go out of one's way to ~
N3 / をはじめ / o hajime / for example; starting with ~
N3 / を込めて（をこめて） / o komete / filled with; full of
N3 / を中心に（をちゅうしんに） / o chuushin ni / focused on; centered on
N3 / を通じて / を通して（をつうじて / をとおして） / o tsuujite / o tooshite / through; via; throughout; by ~
N3 / んだって / ndatte / I hear that; heard that ~
N3 / 決して～ない（けっして～ない） / kesshite~nai / never; by no means ~
N3 / 結果（けっか） / kekka / as a result of; after ~
N3 / 結局（けっきょく） / kekkyoku / after all; eventually; in the end ~
N3 / 気味（ぎみ） / gimi / -like; -looking; -looked; tending to ~
N3 / 代わりに（かわりに） / kawari ni / instead of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for
N3 / 途中で/途中に（とちゅうで/とちゅうに） / tochuu de / tochuu ni / on the way; in the middle of ~
N3 / 例えば（たとえば） / tatoeba / for example; for instance ~
N3 / 別に～ない（べつに～ない） / betsu ni~nai / not really, not particularly
N3 / 上げる（あげる） / ageru / to finish doing ~
N3 / 上で（うえで） / ue de / upon; after; when; for; in order to
N3 / 上に（うえに） / ue ni / as well; besides; in addition to; not only… but also ~
N3 / 数量 + は（すうりょう + は） / suuryou + wa / at least ~
N3 / 一度に（いちどに） / ichido ni / all at once
N3 / 一方だ（いっぽうだ） / ippou da / more and more; continue to ~
N3 / 一体（いったい） / ittai / emphasis; what on earth; what in the world
N3 / 込む（こむ） / komu / to do something for a long time or to move something inside
N3 / 的（てき） / teki / change noun into na-adjective or adverb
N3 / 切る（きる） / kiru / to do something completely to the end
N3 / 切れない（きれない） / kirenai / unable to do; too much to finish/complete
N3 / 際に（さいに） / sai ni / when; at the time of; in the case of ~
N3 / 中（ちゅう） / chuu / juu / currently; during; at some point; throughout; before the end of ~
N3 / 直す（なおす） / naosu / to do something again; to do over
N3 / 最中に（さいちゅうに） / saichuu ni / while; during; in the middle of ~
N3 / 通す（とおす） / toosu / to do until the end; to continually do; through ~
N3 / 割に（わりに） / wari ni / considering ~; for ~; despite ~
N3 / 合う（あう） / au / do something together
N3 / 向き（むき） / muki / suitable for ~
N3 / 向け（むけ） / muke / intended for; aimed at ~
N3 / 確かに（たしかに） / tashika ni / surely, certainly ~

5 N4[ | ]

N4 / あまり～ない / amari~nai / not very, not much ~
N4 / いたします / itashimasu / to do (polite form of する)
N4 / いらっしゃる / irassharu / to be; to come; to go (polite version)
N4 / お～ください / o~kudasai / please do ~ (honorific)
N4 / お～になる / o~ni naru / to do (honorific)
N4 / おきに / oki ni / repeated at intervals, every ~
N4 / かい / kai / turns a sentence into a yes/no question
N4 / かしら / ka shira / I wonder (feminine)
N4 / がする / ga suru / to smell; hear; taste
N4 / かどうか / ka dou ka / whether or not ~
N4 / かな / kana / I wonder; should I?
N4 / かもしれない / kamo shirenai / might; perhaps; indicates possibility
N4 / から作る（からつくる） / kara tsukuru / made from; made with
N4 / がり / gari / personality (someone tends to; has a tendency to; has a sensitivity to ~)
N4 / がる / がっている / garu / gatteiru / to show signs of; to appear; to feel, to think ~
N4 / が必要（がひつよう） / ga hitsuyou / need; necessary
N4 / きっと / kitto / surely; undoubtedly; almost certainly; most likely
N4 / くする / ku suru / to make something ~
N4 / ございます / gozaimasu / to be, to exist (the polite form of いる/ある)
N4 / こと / koto / Verb nominalizer
N4 / ことがある / koto ga aru / there are times when
N4 / ことができる / koto ga dekiru / can; able to
N4 / ことにする / koto ni suru / to decide on
N4 / ことになる / koto ni naru / It has been decided that..; it turns out that..
N4 / さ / sa / -ness ; nominalizer for adjective
N4 / さすが / sasuga / as one would expect; as is to be expected; even ~
N4 / させてください / sasete kudasai / please let me do
N4 / させられる / saserareru / causative-passive; to be made to do something
N4 / させる / saseru / causative form; to make/let somebody do something
N4 / さっき / sakki / some time ago; just now
N4 / し / shi / and; and what’s more ~ (emphasis)
N4 / じゃないか / janai ka / right? isn't it? let's~; confirmation
N4 / ぜひ / zehi / by all means; certainly; definitely ~
N4 / そうだ / sou da [1] / I heard that; it is said that ~
N4 / そうだ / sou da [2] / looks like; appears like; seeming ~
N4 / そうに / そうな / sou ni / sou na / seems like; looks like ~
N4 / それでも / sore demo / but still; and yet; even so ~
N4 / それに / sore ni / besides; in addition; also; moreover ~
N4 / そんなに / sonna ni / so much; so; like that
N4 / たがる / tagaru / wants to do ~ (third person)
N4 / だけで / dake de / just by; just by doing
N4 / たところ / ta tokoro / just finished doing, was just doing
N4 / たばかり / ta bakari / just finished; something just occurred
N4 / たら / tara / if; after; when ~
N4 / たらいいですか / tara ii desu ka / what should I do?; speaker seeking instructions from listener
N4 / たらどう / tara dou / why don't you; how about ~ (used to give advice)
N4 / って / tte / named; called ~
N4 / づらい / zurai / difficult to do ~
N4 / て / で / te / de / conjunctive particle; so; because of [A], [B]...
N4 / てあげる / te ageru / to do for; to do a favor
N4 / ていく / te iku / to start; to continue; to go on
N4 / ていた / te ita / was doing something (past continuous)
N4 / ていただけませんか / te itadakemasen ka / could you please ~
N4 / ているところ / teiru tokoro / in the process of doing
N4 / ておく / te oku / to do something in advance
N4 / てくる / te kuru / to do… and come back; to become; to continue; to start ~
N4 / てくれる / te kureru / to do a favor; do something for someone
N4 / でございます / de gozaimasu / to be (honorific)
N4 / てしまう / ちゃう / te shimau / chau / to do something by accident, to finish completely
N4 / てすみません / te sumimasen / I’m sorry for
N4 / ではないか / dewa nai ka / right?; isn't it?
N4 / てほしい / te hoshii / I want you to; need you to ~
N4 / てみる / te miru / try doing
N4 / ても / temo / even; even if; even though ~
N4 / でも / demo / ... or something; how about~
N4 / てもらう / te morau / to get somebody to do something
N4 / てやる / te yaru / to do for; to do a favor (casual)
N4 / てよかった / te yokatta / I’m glad that ~
N4 / と / to / whenever [A] happens, [B] also happens
N4 / という / to iu / called; named; that ~
N4 / ということ / to iu koto / convert phrase into noun
N4 / とか～とか / toka~toka / among other things; such as; like ~
N4 / ところ / tokoro / just about to; on the verge of doing something
N4 / と聞いた（ときいた） / to kiita / I heard...
N4 / と思う（とおもう） / to omou / to think…; I think…; you think…
N4 / と言ってもいい（といってもいい） / to ittemo ii / you could say; one might say; I'd say ~
N4 / と言われている（といわれている） / to iwarete iru / it is said that ~
N4 / な / na / don’t ~ (order somebody to not do something)
N4 / なかなか～ない / nakanaka~nai / not easy to; struggling to; not able to ~
N4 / ながら / nagara / while; during; as; simultaneously
N4 / なければいけない / nakereba ikenai / must do something; have to do something
N4 / なければならない / nakereba naranai / must do something; have to do something
N4 / なさい / nasai / do this (soft/firm command)
N4 / なさる / nasaru / to do (honorific)
N4 / など / nado / such as; things like ~
N4 / なら / nara / if; in the case that ~
N4 / にくい / nikui / difficult to do ~
N4 / にする / ni suru / to make something ~
N4 / に見える（にみえる） / ni mieru / to look; to seem; to appear
N4 / に気がつく（にきがつく） / ni ki ga tsuku / to notice; to realize
N4 / のに / noni / although, in spite of, even though ~
N4 / のに / noni / to (do something); in order to ~
N4 / のは〜だ / nowa~da / [A] is [B]; the reason for [A] is [B]
N4 / の中で（のなかで） / no naka de / in; among ~
N4 / ば / ba / conditional form; If [A] then [B]
N4 / は〜が… は / wa~ga... wa / [A] but [B]; however; comparison
N4 / ばかり / bakari / only; nothing but ~
N4 / はずがない / hazu ga nai / cannot be (impossible)
N4 / はずだ / hazu da / it must be; it should be (expectation)
N4 / または / matawa / both; or; otherwise; choice between [A] or [B]
N4 / までに / made ni / by; by the time; indicates time limit
N4 / まま / mama / as it is; current state; without changing
N4 / みたいだ / mitai da / like; similar to; resembling ~
N4 / みたいな / mitai na / like, similar to ~
N4 / みたいに / mitai ni / like; similar to ~
N4 / も / mo / as many as; as much as; up to; nearly ~
N4 / やすい / yasui / easy to; likely to; prone to; have a tendency to ~
N4 / やっと / yatto / at last; finally; barely; narrowly ~
N4 / ようだ / you da / appears; seems; looks as if ~
N4 / ようと思う（ようとおもう） / you to omou / thinking of doing; planning to ~
N4 / ように / ような / you ni / you na / like; as; similar to ~
N4 / ようにする / you ni suru / to try to; to make sure that ~
N4 / ようになる / you ni naru / to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into ~
N4 / より / yori / than; rather than; more than ~
N4 / らしい / rashii / it seems like; I heard; apparently ~
N4 / られる / rareru / potential form; ability or inability to do something
N4 / 間（あいだ） / aida / while; during; between ~
N4 / 間に（あいだに） / aida ni / while; during~ something happened
N4 / 頃（ころ / ごろ） / koro / goro / around; about; when
N4 / 急に（きゅうに） / kyuu ni / quickly; immediately; hastily; suddenly; abruptly; unexpectedly ~
N4 / 続ける（つづける） / tsuzukeru / continue to; keen on ~
N4 / 受身形（うけみけい） / ukemi kei / passive form; passive voice
N4 / 始める（はじめる） / hajimeru / to start; to begin to ~
N4 / 予定だ（よていだ） / yotei da / plan to, intend to
N4 / 意向形（いこうけい） / ikou kei - volitional form / volitional form; let's do ~
N4 / 場合は（ばあいは） / baai wa / in the event of; in the case that ~
N4 / 全然～ない（ぜんぜん～ない） / zenzen~nai / (not) at all
N4 / 終わる（おわる） / owaru / to finish; to end~
N4 / 出す（だす） / dasu / to begin to; to start to; to burst into; ... out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out)
N4 / 他動詞 & 自動詞（たどうし & じどうし） / tadoushi & jidoushi / Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
N4 / 必要がある（ひつようがある） / hitsuyou ga aru / need to; it is necessary to
N4 / 後で（あとで） / ato de / after~; later

6 N5[ | ]

N5 / い-adjectives / i-adjectives / i-adjectives
N5 / いつも / itsumo / always; usually; habitually
N5 / お / ご / o / go / polite marker; honorific prefix particle
N5 / か / ka / question particle
N5 / が / ga / subject marker; however; but ~
N5 / か～か / ka~ka / or
N5 / があります / ga arimasu / there is; is (non-living things)
N5 / がいます / ga imasu / there is; to be; is (living things)
N5 / がほしい / ga hoshii / to want something
N5 / から / kara / because; since; from
N5 / けど / kedo / but; however; although ~
N5 / けれども / keredo mo / but; however; although ~
N5 / しかし / shikashi / but; however ~
N5 / じゃない・ではない / janai / dewa nai / to not be (am not; is not; are not)
N5 / すぎる / sugiru / too much
N5 / そして / soshite / and; and then; thus; and now ~
N5 / それから / sore kara / and; and then; after that; since then
N5 / だ / です / da / desu / to be (am, is, are, were, used to)
N5 / たい / tai / want to do something
N5 / だけ / dake / only; just; as much as ~
N5 / たことがある / ta koto ga aru / to have done something before
N5 / たり～たり / tari~tari / do such things as A and B
N5 / だろう / darou / I think; it seems; probably; right?
N5 / ちゃいけない・じゃいけない / cha ikenai / ja ikenai / must not do (spoken Japanese)
N5 / つもり / tsumori / plan to ~; intend to ~
N5 / で / de / in; at; on; by; with; via ~
N5 / てある / te aru / is/has been done (resulting state)
N5 / ている / te iru / ongoing action or current state
N5 / てから / te kara / after doing ~
N5 / てください / te kudasai / please do
N5 / でしょう / deshou / I think; it seems; probably; right?
N5 / てはいけない / te wa ikenai / must not; may not; cannot
N5 / でも / demo / but; however; though ~
N5 / てもいいです / temo ii desu / is OK to ~; is alright to ~; may I ~?
N5 / と / to / and; with; as; connecting particle
N5 / どうして / doushite / why; for what reason; how
N5 / どうやって / douyatte / how; in what way; by what means
N5 / とき / toki / when; at this time
N5 / とても / totemo / very; awfully; exceedingly
N5 / どんな / donna / what kind of; what sort of
N5 / な-adjectives / na-adjectives / na-adjectives
N5 / なあ / naa / sentence ending particle; confirmation; admiration, etc
N5 / ないで / naide / without doing ~; to do [B] without doing [A]
N5 / ないでください / naide kudasai / please don't do ~
N5 / ないといけない / naito ikenai / must do; have an obligation to do ~
N5 / なくちゃ / nakucha / must do; need to; gotta do ~
N5 / なくてはいけない / nakute wa ikenai / must do; need to do
N5 / なくてはならない / nakute wa naranai / must do; need to do ~
N5 / なくてもいい / naku temo ii / don't have to
N5 / なる / naru / to become
N5 / に / ni / destination particle; in; at; on; to
N5 / に/へ / ni/e / to (indicates direction / destination)
N5 / にする / ni suru / to decide on
N5 / に行く（にいく） / ni iku / go to do ~
N5 / ね / ne / isn't it? right? eh?
N5 / の / no / possessive particle
N5 / のが上手（のがじょうず） / no ga jouzu / to be good at
N5 / のが下手（のがへた） / no ga heta / to be bad at doing something
N5 / のが好き（のがすき） / no ga suki / to like doing something
N5 / ので / node / because of; given that; since ~
N5 / のです / no desu / to explain something; show emphasis
N5 / の中で[A]が一番（のなかで[A]がいちばん） / no naka de [A] ga ichiban / out of this group, [A] is best
N5 / は / wa - topic marker / topic marker
N5 / はどうですか / wa dou desu ka / how about; how is
N5 / は〜より・・・です / wa ~yori... desu / [Noun-1] is more ~ than [Noun-2]
N5 / ほうがいい / hou ga ii / had better; it'd be better to; should ~
N5 / ましょう / mashou / let's ~; shall we ~
N5 / ましょうか / mashouka / shall I ~; used to offer help to the listener
N5 / ませんか / masen ka / would you; do you want to; shall we ~
N5 / まだ / mada / still; not yet
N5 / まだ～ていません / mada ~te imasen / have not yet ~
N5 / まで / made / until; as far as; to (an extent); even ~
N5 / も / mo / too; also; as well
N5 / もう / mou / already; anymore; again; other
N5 / や / ya / and; or; connecting particle
N5 / よ / yo / you know; emphasis (ending particle)
N5 / より～ほうが / yori ~hou ga / [2] is more than [1]
N5 / を / o / wo / object marker particle
N5 / をください / o kudasai / please give me ~
N5 / んです / ndesu / to explain something; show emphasis
N5 / 方（かた） / kata / the way of doing something; how to do ~
N5 / 一番（いちばん） / ichiban / the most; the best
N5 / 一緒に（いっしょに） / issho ni / together
N5 / 前に（まえに） / mae ni / before; in front of ~

7 N1 공식문제집 청해[ | ]

샘플 1회 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqFmLmxY0ko
샘플 2회 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjzTtbBK1Ls

8 참고[ | ]

일본어 문법 정리