"CKA SimA 05 Kustomize로 HPA 오토스케일러 설정"의 두 판 사이의 차이

2025년 6월 21일 (토) 12:51 기준 최신판

1 개요[ | ]

kustomize를 활용한 HPA 구성

HPA를 base 레벨에 정의하고, overlay(staging/prod)에서 조건별로 오버라이드하는 방식 설명
ConfigMap 기반 수평 확장을 제거하고 HPA 리소스를 도입하여 CPU 기반 자동 확장 설정
환경별로 최대 복제본 수(maxReplicas)를 다르게 설정

2 디렉터리 구조[ | ]

base: 공통 리소스 정의 (Deployment, ServiceAccount, HPA 기본값)
staging: base를 상속하며 네임스페이스 및 일부 속성 수정
prod: base를 상속하며 HPA maxReplicas 확장

# tree /opt/course/5/api-gateway
/opt/course/5/api-gateway
├── base
│   ├── api-gateway.yaml
│   └── kustomization.yaml
├── staging
│   ├── api-gateway.yaml
│   └── kustomization.yaml
└── prod
    ├── api-gateway.yaml
    └── kustomization.yaml

3 base 구성[ | ]

apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Kustomization

resources:
  - api-gateway.yaml

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: api-gateway
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: api-gateway
  minReplicas: 2
  maxReplicas: 4
  metrics:
    - type: Resource
      resource:
        name: cpu
        target:
          type: Utilization
          averageUtilization: 50
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: api-gateway
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: api-gateway
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      id: api-gateway
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        id: api-gateway
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: api-gateway
      containers:
        - name: httpd
          image: httpd:2-alpine

4 staging 오버레이[ | ]

apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Kustomization

resources:
  - ../base

patches:
  - path: api-gateway.yaml

transformers:
  - |-
    apiVersion: builtin
    kind: NamespaceTransformer
    metadata:
      name: staging-ns-transformer
    namespace: api-gateway-staging

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: api-gateway
  labels:
    env: staging

5 prod 오버레이[ | ]

apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Kustomization

resources:
  - ../base

patches:
  - path: api-gateway.yaml

transformers:
  - |-
    apiVersion: builtin
    kind: NamespaceTransformer
    metadata:
      name: prod-ns-transformer
    namespace: api-gateway-prod

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: api-gateway
spec:
  maxReplicas: 6
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: api-gateway
  labels:
    env: prod

6 적용[ | ]

# k kustomize /opt/course/5/api-gateway/staging | k apply -f -
serviceaccount/api-gateway unchanged
deployment.apps/api-gateway unchanged
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/api-gateway created

# k kustomize /opt/course/5/api-gateway/prod | k apply -f -
serviceaccount/api-gateway unchanged
deployment.apps/api-gateway unchanged
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/api-gateway created

7 결과 확인[ | ]

# k -n api-gateway-staging get hpa api-gateway
NAME          REFERENCE              TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
api-gateway   Deployment/api-gateway  0%/50%    2         4         2          1m

# k -n api-gateway-prod get hpa api-gateway
NAME          REFERENCE              TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
api-gateway   Deployment/api-gateway  0%/50%    2         6         2          1m

8 마무리 정리[ | ]

기존 ConfigMap horizontal-scaling-config은 더 이상 사용되지 않으므로 수동 삭제 필요

# k -n api-gateway-staging delete cm horizontal-scaling-config
configmap "horizontal-scaling-config" deleted

# k -n api-gateway-prod delete cm horizontal-scaling-config
configmap "horizontal-scaling-config" deleted

HPA가 관리하는 Deployment의 replicas: 설정은 HPA가 덮어쓰기 때문에 제거 가능

9 같이 보기[ | ]

10 참고[ | ]

@@ 1번째 줄: / 1번째 줄: @@
-==개요==
+== 개요 ==
-;Kustomize를 사용하여 HorizontalPodAutoscaler 구성
+;kustomize를 활용한 HPA 구성
+* HPA를 base 레벨에 정의하고, overlay(staging/prod)에서 조건별로 오버라이드하는 방식 설명
+* ConfigMap 기반 수평 확장을 제거하고 HPA 리소스를 도입하여 CPU 기반 자동 확장 설정
+* 환경별로 최대 복제본 수(maxReplicas)를 다르게 설정
-==사전작업==
+== 디렉터리 구조 ==
-<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
+* <code>base</code>: 공통 리소스 정의 (Deployment, ServiceAccount, HPA 기본값)
-mkdir -p /tmp/hpa-demo/{base,staging,prod}
+* <code>staging</code>: base를 상속하며 네임스페이스 및 일부 속성 수정
+* <code>prod</code>: base를 상속하며 HPA maxReplicas 확장
+<syntaxhighlight lang="console" highlight="1">
+# tree /opt/course/5/api-gateway
+/opt/course/5/api-gateway
+├── base
+│   ├── api-gateway.yaml
+│   └── kustomization.yaml
+├── staging
+│   ├── api-gateway.yaml
+│   └── kustomization.yaml
+└── prod
+    ├── api-gateway.yaml
+    └── kustomization.yaml
 </syntaxhighlight>
-==base 디렉터리 구성==
+== base 구성 ==
-<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/tmp/hpa-demo/base/kustomization.yaml">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/opt/course/5/api-gateway/base/kustomization.yaml">
 apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
 kind: Kustomization
 resources:
-   - hpa-demo.yaml
+   - api-gateway.yaml
 </syntaxhighlight>
-<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/tmp/hpa-demo/base/hpa-demo.yaml">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/opt/course/5/api-gateway/base/api-gateway.yaml">
 apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
 kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
 metadata:
-   name: hpa-demo
+   name: api-gateway
 spec:
    scaleTargetRef:
      apiVersion: apps/v1
      kind: Deployment
-     name: hpa-demo
+     name: api-gateway
    minReplicas: 2
    maxReplicas: 4
@@ 39번째 줄: / 56번째 줄: @@
 kind: ServiceAccount
 metadata:
-   name: hpa-demo
+   name: api-gateway
 ---
 apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:
-   name: hpa-demo
+   name: api-gateway
 spec:
+  replicas: 1
    selector:
      matchLabels:
-       app: hpa-demo
+       id: api-gateway
    template:
      metadata:
        labels:
-         app: hpa-demo
+         id: api-gateway
      spec:
-       serviceAccountName: hpa-demo
+       serviceAccountName: api-gateway
        containers:
-         - name: web
+         - name: httpd
-           image: nginx:1.25-alpine
+           image: httpd:2-alpine
 </syntaxhighlight>
-==staging 오버레이 구성==
+== staging 오버레이 ==
-<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/tmp/hpa-demo/staging/kustomization.yaml">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/opt/course/5/api-gateway/staging/kustomization.yaml">
 apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
 kind: Kustomization
@@ 69번째 줄: / 87번째 줄: @@
 patches:
-   - path: hpa-demo-patch.yaml
+   - path: api-gateway.yaml
 transformers:
@@ 77번째 줄: / 95번째 줄: @@
      metadata:
        name: staging-ns-transformer
-     namespace: hpa-demo-staging
+     namespace: api-gateway-staging
 </syntaxhighlight>
-<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/tmp/hpa-demo/staging/hpa-demo-patch.yaml">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/opt/course/5/api-gateway/staging/api-gateway.yaml">
 apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:
-   name: hpa-demo
+   name: api-gateway
    labels:
      env: staging
 </syntaxhighlight>
-==prod 오버레이 구성==
+== prod 오버레이 ==
-<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/tmp/hpa-demo/prod/kustomization.yaml">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/opt/course/5/api-gateway/prod/kustomization.yaml">
 apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
 kind: Kustomization
@@ 98번째 줄: / 116번째 줄: @@
 patches:
-   - path: hpa-demo-patch.yaml
+   - path: api-gateway.yaml
 transformers:
@@ 106번째 줄: / 124번째 줄: @@
      metadata:
        name: prod-ns-transformer
-     namespace: hpa-demo-prod
+     namespace: api-gateway-prod
 </syntaxhighlight>
-<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/tmp/hpa-demo/prod/hpa-demo-patch.yaml">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="yaml" title="/opt/course/5/api-gateway/prod/api-gateway.yaml">
 apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
 kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
 metadata:
-   name: hpa-demo
+   name: api-gateway
 spec:
    maxReplicas: 6
@@ 120번째 줄: / 138번째 줄: @@
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:
-   name: hpa-demo
+   name: api-gateway
    labels:
      env: prod
 </syntaxhighlight>
-==적용==
+== 적용 ==
-<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="console" highlight="1">
-# 스테이징 환경 적용
+# k kustomize /opt/course/5/api-gateway/staging | k apply -f -
-kubectl kustomize /tmp/hpa-demo/staging | kubectl apply -f -
+serviceaccount/api-gateway unchanged
+deployment.apps/api-gateway unchanged
+horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/api-gateway created
+</syntaxhighlight>
-# 프로덕션 환경 적용
+<syntaxhighlight lang="console" highlight="1">
-kubectl kustomize /tmp/hpa-demo/prod | kubectl apply -f -
+# k kustomize /opt/course/5/api-gateway/prod | k apply -f -
+serviceaccount/api-gateway unchanged
+deployment.apps/api-gateway unchanged
+horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/api-gateway created
 </syntaxhighlight>
-==결과 확인==
+== 결과 확인 ==
-<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="console" highlight="1">
-# 스테이징
+# k -n api-gateway-staging get hpa api-gateway
-kubectl -n hpa-demo-staging get hpa hpa-demo
+NAME          REFERENCE              TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
-NAME        REFERENCE              TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
+api-gateway   Deployment/api-gateway  0%/50%    2         4         2          1m
-hpa-demo    Deployment/hpa-demo   0%/50%    2         4         2          1m
+</syntaxhighlight>
-# 프로덕션
+<syntaxhighlight lang="console" highlight="1">
-kubectl -n hpa-demo-prod get hpa hpa-demo
+# k -n api-gateway-prod get hpa api-gateway
-NAME        REFERENCE              TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
+NAME          REFERENCE              TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
-hpa-demo    Deployment/hpa-demo   0%/50%    2         6         2          1m
+api-gateway   Deployment/api-gateway  0%/50%    2         6         2          1m
 </syntaxhighlight>
-==같이 보기==
+== 마무리 정리 ==
-* [[kubectl apply]]
+* 기존 ConfigMap <code>horizontal-scaling-config</code>은 더 이상 사용되지 않으므로 수동 삭제 필요
+<syntaxhighlight lang="console" highlight="1">
+# k -n api-gateway-staging delete cm horizontal-scaling-config
+configmap "horizontal-scaling-config" deleted
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="console" highlight="1">
+# k -n api-gateway-prod delete cm horizontal-scaling-config
+configmap "horizontal-scaling-config" deleted
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* HPA가 관리하는 Deployment의 <code>replicas:</code> 설정은 HPA가 덮어쓰기 때문에 제거 가능
+== 같이 보기 ==
+* [[CKA 2025]]
+* [[HorizontalPodAutoscaler]]
 * [[kubectl kustomize]]
-* [[HorizontalPodAutoscaler]]
+* [[kustomization.yaml]]
 * [[Kustomize 오버레이 구조]]
+* [[kubectl apply]]
+== 참고 ==
+* https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/horizontal-pod-autoscale/
+* https://cloudutsuk.com/posts/certification/cka/cka-pratice-test-1/#question-5--kustomize-configure-hpa-autoscaler
 [[분류:Kustomize]]
 [[분류:HPA]]
-[[분류:CKA]]
+[[분류:CKA 2025]]